Researchers explore how reliable quantum entanglement states can be generated and distributed through off-the shelf components
Efficient generation and reliable distribution of quantum entangled states is crucial for emerging quantum applications, including quantum key distribution (QKDs). However, conventional polarization-based entanglement states are not stable over long fiber networks. While time-bin entanglement offers a promising alternative, it requires complex infrastructure. In this study, researchers explore how stable time-bin entangled states can be generated and distributed using commercially available components, paving the way for practical quantum communication networks.
Quantum entanglement links two particles, such as photons, so that measuring one instantly reveals information about the other. Reliable generation and distribution of entangled states are essential for quantum technologies like quantum key distribution (QKD)—a secure communication protocol using quantum randomness for encryption.
Most QKD systems use polarization-based entanglement, but this approach is unstable over long fibers due to birefringence. Time-bin entanglement, which encodes information in photons’ arrival times, offers a more stable alternative, though it has traditionally required complex, custom setups.
To address this issue, a study published in the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics on 6 February, 2025, explores the generation and long-distance distribution of high-quality entanglement in a metropolitan network using off-the shelf components. “With growing applications of quantum communication technologies, robust entanglement generation and distribution will be highly valuable. To realize this goal, we implemented a sequential time-bin entangled source forquantum key distribution across Vienna’s existing fiber network,” explains Mr. Martin Achleitner from Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT). The research team also included Dr. Alessandro Trenti and Dr. Hannes Hübel from AIT, and Dr. Philip Walther from University of Vienna, Austria.
To generate time-bin entangled photons, the team utilized modulated laser pulses in the GHz range. These pulses were amplified and converted into a visible pump beam using a second harmonic generation (SHG) crystal. The pump beam was then injected into a special spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) crystal to generate the time-bin entangled photon pairs. To assess the quality of entanglement, the researchers used a commercially available Mach-Zehnder delay line interferometer (MZI) and a 50/50 beamsplitter setup.
The entangled photons were transported from AIT, through a 30 km long fiber link deployed across the city of Vienna and were received and measured at the University of Vienna with superconducting nanowire single photon detectors. “´To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a commercial MZI delay line has been used for a quantum application,” notes Dr. Trenti. The setup demonstrated strong entanglement and excellent visibility of around 93%, well above the requirement for secure key generation.
“Using this type of entanglement source on photonic crystals will significantly improve scalability of quantum networks,” adds Dr. Hübel.
Overall, the study demonstrated how commercially available components can be used to build deployment-ready entanglement sources, paving the way for large-scale quantum communication networks.
Reference
| Authors | Martin Achleitner1, Alessandro Trenti1, Philip Walther2 and Hannes Hübel1 |
| Title of original paper: | Distribution of GHz Sequential Time-Bin Entanglement in a Metropolitan Fiber Network |
| Journal: | IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics |
| DOI: | 10.1109/JSTQE.2025.3539921 |
| Affiliations | 1Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Digital Safety & Security, Austria 2Department of Physics, University of Vienna, Austria |
Image Title: Generation of entangled quantum states with a bulk setup
Image Caption: The generation and distribution of stable time-bin quantum entangled states over long fiber networks, using off-the shelf components will pave the way for practical quantum communication networks.
Image Credit: AIT Lab
